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Guisborough Helmet
The Guisborough Helmet is a Roman cavalry helmet found in 1864 near Guisborough in Yorkshire, England. It was originally fitted with a pair of protective cheek-pieces, which have not survived; the holes by which they were attached can be seen in front of the helmet's ear guards. It is lavishly decorated with engraved and embossed figures, indicating that it was probably used for displays or cavalry tournaments, though it may well have been intended to be worn in battle as well. The helmet was found in what appears to have been a carefully arranged deposition in a bed of gravel, distant from any known Roman sites. After it was recovered during road works it was donated to the British Museum in London, where it was restored and is currently on display.〔(British Museum collection database ). Accessed 17 November 2010.〕
==Design and origins==
Made from copper alloy in the 3rd century AD, the helmet's brow band is engraved and embossed with representations of shrines (aediculae) housing the deities Victory, Mars and Minerva, all of whom were associated with war. Prancing horsemen are depicted between the figures. The brow band has three diadem-like peaks bordered by writhing snakes whose heads meet at the centre, forming an arch above the central figure of Mars. Two bosses stand out at the rear of the helmet, at the centre of embossed flowers. The sides and top of the helmet are embossed with feathers and a feather-like pattern.〔Dixon, Karen R.; Southern, Pat. ''The Roman cavalry: from the first to the third century AD'', p. 112. Routledge, 1997. ISBN 978-0-415-17039-0〕〔Robinson, H. Russell. ''The armour of imperial Rome'', p. 102. Scribner, 1975. ISBN 978-0-684-13956-2〕 The design is similar to others found in Worthing, Norfolk and Chalon-sur-Saône in France.〔A visual comparison of the Chalon and Guisborough Helmets, which are extremely similar, can be found in Jochen Garbsch, ''Römische Paraderüstungen'' (Beck, Munich, 1978), plate 31.〕 Despite its relative thinness and lavish decoration, it is thought that such helmets would have been used in battle as well as in parades or ''hippika gymnasia'' (cavalry tournaments).〔Dixon, Karen R.; Southern, Pat. ''The late Roman army'', pp. 91-92. Routledge, 1996. ISBN 978-0-7134-7047-5〕
The helmet remains something of an enigma. It was buried in a compressed and folded state in complete isolation from any other objects of the same period and at some remove from any known Roman sites; how and why it came to be deposited remains unknown.〔Phillips, Jenny; Rowe, Peter. ''(Roman Teesside - Archaeological Booklet No. 3 )'', p. 22. Tees Archaeology, 2004〕 There is no closely associated fort or fortress in the vicinity. However, the Dutch historian Johan Nicolay has identified a "lifecycle" for Roman military equipment in which ex-soldiers took items home with them as a reminder of their service and occasionally disposed of them away from garrison sites, for instance by votive deposition or burial with the dead.〔Nicolay, Johan. ''Armed Batavians: Use and Significance of Weaponry and Horse Gear from Non-military Contexts in the Rhine Delta (50 BC to AD 450)''. Amsterdam University Press - Amsterdam Archaeological Studies, 2008. ISBN 978-90-5356-253-6〕 Another Roman cavalry helmet, known as the Crosby Garrett Helmet, was discovered in Cumbria in May 2010 in a broadly similar context – away from any known settlements but folded before burial – suggesting that it may have been a votive offering or loot that had been hidden for safe-keeping.〔Worrell, Sally. "(LANCUM-E48D73 HELMET )". Portable Antiquities Scheme. Accessed 17 November 2010.〕
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